A Bend in the River — Vocabulary
V. S. Naipaul
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Exemplary sample Uses ACT/SAT
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contracta written agreement that is enforceable by law
She signed the contract.more
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All our contracts are oral, but we deliver what we promise.p.236.814 more
contractcontracts:agreements
Show general definition for contract (as in: legal contract) an agreement - typically written and enforceable by law
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contract#2contractcontracts:gets shorter
When it is cold, the metal in the bridge contracts and the joints are further apart.more
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The sun was bright and hot, and I studied the contracting shadows of trees and market stalls and buildings around the square.p.70.414 more
contractcontracting:getting shorter or smaller
Show general definition for contract (as in: the metal contracted in the cold) when something gets shorter or smaller
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ironywhen what happens is very different than what might be expected
She didn't see the irony in acting like the mother she detested.more
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Yet there was something ironical about the whole thing. The action which had drawn that softness from Ferdinand was the simple gesture of a man from the coast whose family had lived close, too close, to their servants, once their slaves, descendants of people snatched from this part of Africa. Ferdinand would have been outraged if he knew.p.83.910 more
Show general definition for irony (as in: situational irony) when what happens is very different than what might be expected; or when things are together that seem like they don't belong together -- especially when amusing or an entertaining coincidence
Show editor's word notes This is sometimes referred to as "situational irony."  The term is especially appropriate when actions have consequences opposite to those intended.

The expression ironic smile, generally references someone smiling at situational irony.

All forms of irony involve the perception that things are not what they might seem.
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irony#2ironyironic:saying one thing, while meaning the opposite
She was being ironic when she said she couldn't wait to see you again.more
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"The President is coming this afternoon. Wouldn't you like to see him?" ... I was careful to take all irony out of [my voice]. I said, "I would like to, citizen. But I have to go."p.276.810 more
saying one thing while meaning the opposite
Show general definition for irony (as in: verbal irony) saying one thing, while meaning the opposite or something else -- usually as humor or sarcasm
Show editor's word notes This is sometimes referred to as "verbal irony." Typically, the speaker says one thing but means the opposite, and the tone of voice or the context of the situation makes the true, contradictory meaning clear.

All forms of irony involve the perception that things are not what they might seem.
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externaloutside (in this case, trade with people and companies in other countries)
External trade makes up almost half of the country's economy.more
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I took the brazier to the landing of the external staircase at the back of the house, squatted and fanned.†p.26.212 more
outside
Show general definition outside
in various senses, including:
  • coming from or existing outside a place, organization or thing -- as in "external trade"
  • forming or relating to an outside boundary -- as in "external walls"
  • on the surface or superficial as contrasted to something that is deep or complete -- as in "external appearances"
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prosperprosperprospering:doing well
She is prospering at school.more
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There was an officer—his name was Prosper: I knew him.†p.265.214 more
do well
Show general definition to do well or to grow stronger
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indifferentwithout interest
About a third are in favor of the change, a third are opposed, and a third are indifferent.more
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I envied him that indifference; and I thought, after I left him that day, that his Africa, of bush and river, was different from mine.†p.62.19 more
Show general definition without interest
in various senses, including:
  • unconcerned -- as in "She is indifferent to what is served to eat."
  • unsympathetic -- as in "She is indifferent to his needs."
  • not of good quality (which may imply average or poor quality depending upon context) -- as in "an indifferent performance"
  • impartial -- as in "We need a judge who is indifferent."
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patronpatronpatrons:customers
The café was filled with patrons enjoying coffee and studying for exams.more
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Metty had taken to calling me patron, and in the presence of a third person, could make it sound ironical.p.43.310 more
someone who supports an organization or a person
Show general definition for patron (as in: a patron of the arts) a regular customer; or someone who gives money or support to an organization, cause, or person
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suburbanin an area located near the outer edge of a city where it isn't so crowded
I want a suburban home with a white picket fence and a big yard.more
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But more unnerving than anything else was the ruined suburb near the rapids.†p.27.17 more
suburbansuburb:a residential area located near the outer edge of a city where it isn't as crowded
Show general definition relating to a residential area located near the outer edge of a city where it isn't as crowded
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refugeerefugeerefugees:people who fled their homeland to getaway from a dangerous or difficult situation
We're asking for humanitarian aid to assist and resettle the refugees.more
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Like me, they were migrants from the east and refugees from their own community.†p.28.87 more
refugeerefugees:people who fled their homeland
Show general definition someone who has fled their homeland to getaway from a dangerous or difficult situation; or related to such people
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domesticrelated to the home or family
The shelter helps victims of domestic violence find safe housing and support.more
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Most of the people who left our coast went to Arabian homes as domestic servants.p.12.94 more
household (relating to a home)
Show general definition for domestic (as in: domestic happiness) relating to a home or family
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contemptlack of respect
Familiarity breeds contempt.more
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I remembered the look of contempt and irritation Indar had given me.p.19.96 more
Show general definition for contempt (as in: feels contempt towards her) lack of respect for someone or something thought inferior -- often accompanied by a feeling of dislike or disgust
Show editor's word notes A famous saying, "familiarity breeds contempt" comes from Aesop's fable, "The Fox and the Lion".  (6th century BC)

When first the Fox saw the Lion he was terribly frightened, and ran away and hid himself in the wood. Next time however he came near the King of Beasts he stopped at a safe distance and watched him pass by. The third time they came near one another the Fox went straight up to the Lion and passed the time of day with him, asking him how his family were, and when he should have the pleasure of seeing him again; then turning his tail, he parted from the Lion without much ceremony.

The moral is traditionally, "Familiarity breeds contempt"; though an alternative moral is "Acquaintance softens prejudices."
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liberateset free
She works to liberate the religious minority from persecution.more
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It was headlined "The Ancestors Shriek," and was issued by something called the Liberation Army.†p.211.66 more
liberateliberation:the act of being set free
Show general definition to set free -- as from prison, political oppression, persecution, expectations...
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varybe different
Your mileage may vary.more
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They were all in varying ways like Ferdinand, and they were often as young as Ferdinand.†p.91.33 more
varyvarying:differing; or changing
Show general definition to be different, or to change
Show editor's word notes Vary is often used to describe small differences or changes--especially about things of the same type. It would be more common to say "The weight of full-grown elephants varies depending upon diet and other factors," than to say "The weight of elephants varies from that of mice."
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squattersquattersquatters:people who live in an unoccupied place without the legal right
She estimates that there are over a billion squatters in the world.more
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Squatters had taken over the downstairs part, cooking on fire stones in the verandah and throwing out their rubbish onto the courtyards and grounds.†p.35.59 more
Show general definition someone who lives in an unoccupied place without the legal right
Show editor's word notes In most countries, if squatters are able to stay long enough, they will acquire legal title.
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delicacya rare and expensive type of food
Chocolate covered ants are a delicacy of Columbia's Guane Indians.more
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He bought his newspaper in one shop, read it with morning coffee in a tiny café that also offered old watercolour paintings for sale; took a turn in the park; shopped for delicacies in the various food shops.p.240.31 more
delicacydelicacies:rare and expensive types of foods
Show general definition for delicacy (as in: eat the delicacy) something that is rare or expensive -- usually a prized food
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delicacy#2sensitivity and tact
She is admired for her delicacy in negotiations.more
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I saw a delicacy in him that I had never seen on the coast.  His manners were like a form of consideration; and however small the occasion, his manners never failed.p.118.61 more
Show general definition for delicacy (as in: discuss with delicacy) care and gentleness -- especially speaking or acting with sensitivity and tact
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maximshort saying that expresses a general truth or principle
The advisor often quotes the maxim that all politics is local.more
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Portraits, maxims, occasional statues of the African madonna —they continued all the way to the hotel.†p.248.23 more
maximmaxims:short sayings that express general truths or principles
Show general definition a short saying that expresses a general truth or principle
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abjectextreme
As the world grows more affluent, our definition of abject poverty changes.more
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Now, so quickly, they had become abject.†p.76.62 more
Show general definition extreme (in a negative sense such as misery, hopelessness, submissiveness, cruelty, or cowardice)
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parodya humorous, exaggerated imitation of somebody's style
Did you see Saturday Night Live's parody of people in a fitness class?more
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The point of the message may be lost in the parody.†p.194.62 more
a humorous, exaggerated imitation of somebody's style…
Show general definition a humorous, exaggerated imitation of somebody's style

or:

a very poor imitation of somebody's style