The American Language — Vocabulary
Henry L. Mencken
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Exemplary sample Uses ACT/SAT
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dialectregional variety of a language
It's not uncommon to hear "y'all" when talking in the American south where the rural areas still have a distinct dialect.more
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On the contrary, they are keenly aware of the differences between the two dialects, and often discuss them, as the following pages show.†117 more
dialectdialects:regional varieties of a language
Show general definition a regional variety of a language
Show editor's word notes A dialect can use a different accent, vocabulary, and grammar than other dialects of the same language.
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yieldproduce (lead to)
The discovery could yield a more effective treatment for diabetes.more
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Here there is room for inquiry, and that inquiry deserves the best effort of American phonologists, for the language is undergoing rapid changes under their very eyes, or, perhaps more accurately, under their very ears, and a study of those changes should yield a great deal of interesting matter.19 more
produce or give
Show general definition for yield (as in: will yield valuable data) to produce (usually something wanted); or the thing or amount produced
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yield#2give in
The country vowed not to yield to pressure from its larger neighbors.more
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And as it thus yielded to /are/ in the indicative, it now seems destined to yield to /am/ and /is/ in the subjunctive.19 more
yieldyielded:gave in, gave way, or gave up
Show general definition for yield (as in: yield to pressure) to give in, give way, or give up
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deriveget
She likes to win, but she doesn't derive pleasure from watching others lose.more
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An early authority, John G. E. Heckwelder, argued that it was derived from an Indian mispronunciation of the word /English/.†29 more
derivederived:got
Show general definition to get something from something else

(If the context doesn't otherwise indicate where something came from, it is generally from reasoning--especially deductive reasoning.)
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denouncedenouncedenounced:strongly criticized or accused publicly
She denounced him as a liar.more
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[24] Chesterton, however, refrained from denouncing this lack of identity; on the contrary, he allowed certain merits to American†36 more
denouncedenouncing:strongly criticizing or accusing publicly  OR  (more rarely) informing against someone
Show general definition to strongly criticize or accuse publicly

or more rarely:  to inform against someone (turn someone into the authorities)
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analogycomparison of different things to point to a shared characteristic
Her analogy is flawed.more
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Of analogous character are artificial words of the /scalawag/ and /rambunctious/ class, the formation of which constantly goes on.†24 more
analogyanalogous:similar in some respect
Show general definition a comparison of different things to point to a shared characteristic
Show editor's word notes Analogies are typically used to explain something unfamiliar by comparing it to something that is simpler or more familiar. They are also used in argument to suggest that what is true for one situation is also true in the other.
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vulgarvulgarvulgarity:crudeness (showing of bad taste)
Her vulgarity was a turnoff.more
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For one thing, I am eager to attempt a more scientific examination of the grammar of the American vulgar speech, here discussed briefly in Chapter VI.†36 more
of bad taste (crude, offensive, or unsophisticated)
Show general definition of bad taste -- often crude or offensive

or:

unsophisticated (or common) -- especially of taste
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displacedisplacedisplaced:forced to move (in this case, out of their old jobs)
It is a much better way to manufacture the product, but many workers will be displaced by the new technology.more
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/Selectman/ is first heard of in 1685, displacing the English /alderman/.†29 more
displacedisplacing:force to move; OR  to take the place of
Show general definition force to move; or to take the place of
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obsoleteno longer in general use because it was replaced by something better
My mother still has a twenty-year-old obsolete computer in storage.more
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Others, which have long been obsolete in England, are still retained in common use among us.†15 more
Show general definition no longer in general use because it was replaced by something better
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reviseimprove (change)
How can you revise that paragraph to improve the expression of ideas?more
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Contributions of materials and suggestions for a possible revised edition of the present book will reach me if addressed to me in care of the publisher at 220 West Forty-second Street, New York.†12 more
reviserevised:changed
Show general definition to change (and hopefully improve) -- most frequently to improve a written document, but it can be any intentional change such as a change in an estimated amount, a plan, or a series of procedures
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divergemove apart
The two paths diverge here.more
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On American spelling, with its wide and constantly visible divergences from English usages, there was little more.†15 more
divergedivergences:to move apart; OR  be or become different
Show general definition to move apart; or be or become different
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novelnew and original
We're looking for novel marketing ideas.more
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"A /scooner/ let her be!" replied Captain Andrew Robinson, her [Pg048] builder—and all boats of her peculiar and novel fore-and-aft rig took the name thereafter.12 more
Show general definition for novel (as in: a novel situation) new and original -- typically something considered good
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succumbsuccumbsuccumbed:reluctantly agreed
Everyone insisted she attend and she finally succumbed.†more
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[10] This use of the word was then relatively new in England, though, according to White, the /Saturday Review/ and the /Spectator/ had already succumbed17 more
succumbsuccumbed:consented reluctantly; or suffered defeat
Show general definition consent reluctantly; or suffer defeat
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idioman expression whose meaning cannot be inferred from the meanings of the words that make it up
Having just arrived from Egypt, I did not understand what she meant by the idiom, "Don't cut corners."more
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His novels are mines of American idiom, and his style shows an undeniable revolt against the trammels of English grammarians.†25 more
a way of putting things that is characteristic of a specific group of people
Show general definition a way of putting things that is characteristic of a specific group of people
Show editor's word notes An idiom typically refers to an expression whose meaning cannot be inferred from the meanings of the words that make it up (as in "feeling under the weather"). It can also refer to a particular artistic style.
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conveycommunicate or express
She dresses to convey a sense of a successful, no-nonsense woman.more
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Both are useful words; it is impossible, not employing them, to convey the ideas behind them without circumlocution.†5 more
Show general definition for convey (as in: convey her thoughts) communicate or express
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convey#2conveyconveyed:transferred
My parents came here from Mexico in 1975. They worked hard and conveyed their ethics and values to my sister and me.more
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At an early date they shortened the English law-phrase, /to convey by deed/, to the simple verb, /to deed/.5 more
transfer
Show general definition for convey (as in: convey title to the property) to give or transfer -- especially legal title
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conjugatechange in the form of a verb for the context in which it is used
Afrikaans, spoken in South Africa and Namibia, does not conjugate verbs differently depending upon the subject. The verb forms for I am, You are, and It is are all the same.more
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But we still have two plainly defined conjugations of the verb, and we still inflect it for number, and, in part, at least, for person.†17 more
conjugateconjugations:grammatical changes of verb forms to match context
Show general definition for conjugate (as in: conjugate the verb) grammatical changes of verb forms to agree with other words in a sentence for tense, number, person, and other things
Show editor's word notes English tense example:
    She writes.
    She is writing.
    She will write tomorrow.
    She has written in the past.
 
English number example:
      Jane is...
      Jane and Susan are...

Most verbs are conjugated by changing their suffix and sometimes adding a helping verb. Most verbs follow the same pattern in English. Those that follow a different pattern are called irregular verbs.

Here is an example of English conjugation of the present and past tenses for a regular, irregular, and the most irregular verb:

<table><tr><td>Present tense</td><td> </td><td>regular</td><td>irregular</td><td>most irregular</td></tr><tr><td>1st person singular</td><td>I</td><td>talk</td><td>drink</td><td>am</td></tr><tr><td>2nd person singular</td><td>you</td><td>talk</td><td>drink</td><td>are</td></tr><tr><td>3rd person singular</td><td>he, she, it</td><td>talks</td><td>drinks</td><td>is</td></tr><tr><td>plural 1st-3rd person</td><td>we, you, they</td><td>talk</td><td>drink</td><td>are</td></tr><tr><td colspan=5> </td></tr><tr><td>Past tense</td colspan=4> </td></tr><tr><td>1st person singular</td><td>I</td><td>talked</td><td>drank</td><td>was</td></tr><tr><td>2nd person singular</td><td>you</td><td>talked</td><td>drank</td><td>were</td></tr><tr><td>3rd person singular</td><td>he, she, it</td><td>talked</td><td>drank</td><td>was</td></tr><tr><td>plural 1st-3rd person</td><td>we, you, they</td><td>talked</td><td>drank</td><td>were</td></tr></table>
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pedanticoverly concerned with book learning
Her lectures were too pedantic for my taste.more
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That it should be regarded as an anti-social act to examine and exhibit the constantly growing differences between English and American, as certain American pedants argue sharply—this doctrine is quite beyond my understanding.†15 more
pedanticpedants:people too concerned with formal rules, details, or book learning
Show general definition too concerned with formal rules, details, or book learning
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affectationbehaving in an artificial way to make an impression
She is comfortable in her own skin and meets strangers without affectation.more
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But it was as much an affectation in those [Pg060] days as it is today, and Webster indicated the fact pretty plainly in his "Dissertations."†13 more
Show general definition behaving in an artificial way to make an impression
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uncouthrude or insensitive
The uncouth remark was out of place in polite society.more
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Fraternizing was made difficult by the wide divergence in vocabulary and pronunciation—a divergence interpreted by each side as a sign of uncouthness.†10 more
uncouthuncouthness:rude or unpleasant due to a lack of manners, refinement, or taste
Show general definition rude or unpleasant due to a lack of manners, refinement, or taste