All 4 Uses of
literally
in
Jane Eyre
- St. John's eyes, though clear enough in a literal sense, in a figurative one were difficult to fathom.†
p. 397.5 *
- Literally, he lived only to aspire — after what was good and great, certainly; but still he would never rest, nor approve of others resting round him.†
p. 453.5
- I beg your pardon, it is the literal truth: he asked me more than once, and was as stiff about urging his point as ever you could be.†
p. 510.9
- Literally, I was (what he often called me) the apple of his eye.†
p. 519.9
Definitions:
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(1)
(literally as in: literally--not figuratively) actually true using the basic meaning of the words (not an exaggeration, metaphor, or other type of figurative speech)
-
(2)
(literally as in: literally at death's door) an intensifier (to intensify what is said -- especially a metaphor)Since literally can mean actually true, but can also be used to intensify a metaphor, the reader has to use context to know what the word means.
For example, if you read "She stabbed him in the back," you would probably assume she betrayed him. But if you read it in a murder mystery where the victim was stabbed, you might assume you were being told that she actually stabbed him.
Because confusion can arise from this kind of usage, many authorities discourage using literally to intensify a metaphor--especially in formal usage. -
(3)
(literal as in: a literal translation) word for word
-
(4)
(meaning too rare to warrant focus) meaning too rare to warrant focus:
Less common and more specific meanings of literal include:- an earlier or original meaning of a word -- as in "In Japanese the literal meaning of ronin was a 'samurai without a master,' but it is now used to describe a student who did not pass the entrance exam and is without a school."
- lacking imagination -- as in "She has a literal mind."
- a fixed or hard-coded value in a computer program -- as in "Find every instance of the literal in the source code."
- related to letters -- as in "In algebra we use literal notation as when 'x' represents a value."