Notes from the Underground — Vocabulary
Fyodor Dostoyevsky
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Exemplary sample Uses ACT/SAT
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howeverdespite that (a transition word use to connect contrasting ideas)
Most college application deadlines are in January and February. However, early admission deadlines are around November and some scholarships require even earlier deadlines.more
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She could not, however, have been called a beauty, though she was tall, strong-looking, and well built.†39 more
a word used to connect contrasting ideas as when using though, in spite of that, in contrast, nevertheless, etc.
Show general definition for however (as in: However, complications may...) though (or another expression that connects contrasting ideas)
Show editor's word notes Based on idea 1 we might not expect idea 2, but this is a way of saying that even though idea 1 exists, we still have idea 2.  Synonyms include in spite of that, despite that, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the other hand, in contrast and but.
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however#2no matter how (how much/how hard/how long…)
However hard she tried, she couldn't do it.more
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Owing to its rarity, perhaps, any external event, however trivial, always made me feel as though some radical change in my life were at hand.39 more
regardless of how
Show general definition for however (as in: However much she tried...) to whatever degree (regardless of how much; or whatever unspecified amount)
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consequenceconsequenceconsequences:results
Your decision will have three major consequences.more
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I exercise myself in reflection, and consequently with me every primary cause at once draws after itself another still more primary, and so on to infinity.18 more
consequenceconsequently:resultantly (as a result)
Show general definition for consequence (as in: a direct consequence of) a result of something (often an undesired side effect)
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consequence#2consequenceconsequential:important
Think carefully. This is a consequential decision.more
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He always thought me of no consequence whatever; his behaviour to me, though not quite courteous, was tolerable.†18 more
importance
Show general definition for consequence (as in: of little consequence) importance or relevance
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loathehate
I make New Year's resolutions every year and then loathe myself for breaking them.more
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It is loathsome to remember it all, but it was loathsome even then.†20 more
loatheloathsome:disgusting or very bad
Show general definition hate, detest, or intensely dislike
Show editor's word notes Word Confusion:  Do not confuse loathe with loath which sounds very similar or the same. Loathe is a verb while loath is an adjective describing "reluctance or unwillingness to do something." Note that loathing and loathsome are forms of the verb loathe even though both word forms lack the "e". Occasionally, you will see loath spelled as loathe even in a published book, but it is rare enough that it is generally considered an error rather than a non-standard spelling.
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acutesharp (severe or very bad)
She felt an acute pain in her neck.more
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...it showed itself in acute depression.12 more
severe with a rapid onset
Show general definition for acute (as in: acute pain) sharp (severe or strong) -- usually negative
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acute#2excellent (highly perceptive)
Dogs have an acute sense of smell.more
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It may be an acutely conscious mouse, yet it is a mouse,12 more
acuteacutely:highly perceptive in some area
Show general definition for acute (as in: acute sense of smell) sharp (highly perceptive in some area or mentally sharp)
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attaingain or reach something with effort
She was the first woman to attain the rank of general.more
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We sometimes choose absolute nonsense because in our foolishness we see in that nonsense the easiest means for attaining a supposed advantage.†12 more
attainattaining:gaining or reaching something with effort
Show general definition to gain or reach something with effort
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directstraightforward
I left them with direct instructions.more
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And the worst of it was, and the root of it all, that it was all in accord with the normal fundamental laws of over-acute consciousness, and with the inertia that was the direct result of those laws, and that consequently one was not only unable to change but could do absolutely nothing.†5 more
clear, straightforward, or to the point
Show general definition for direct (as in: gave a direct answer) straightforward -- often clear, open, or blunt in speech or behavior
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direct#2instruct
On the SAT test, some questions direct you to look at an underlined or numbered portion of a passage.more
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Even if I were to ask the director himself to be my second tomorrow, he would be bound to consent, if only from a feeling of chivalry, and to keep the secret!†5 more
directdirector:to guide, aim, or manage
Show context notes The suffix "-or" often converts a verb to a noun that means "a person who."  This is the pattern you see in words like actor, editor, and visitor.
Show general definition for direct (as in: direct a question; or direct a film) to guide, aim, or manage -- such as actions, attention, speech, a project or company
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despisedespisedespises:dislikes strongly and looks down upon
She despises the people he works for.more
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The day after tomorrow, at the latest, you will begin despising yourself for having knowingly deceived yourself.†16 more
despisedespising:disliking strongly and looking down upon
Show general definition to dislike strongly and to look down upon with disrespect
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contemptlack of respect
Familiarity breeds contempt.more
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...a stare more than severe, utterly contemptuous.13 more
contemptcontemptuous:with intense dislike and disrespect
Show general definition for contempt (as in: feels contempt towards her) lack of respect for someone or something thought inferior -- often accompanied by a feeling of dislike or disgust
Show editor's word notes A famous saying, "familiarity breeds contempt" comes from Aesop's fable, "The Fox and the Lion".  (6th century BC)

When first the Fox saw the Lion he was terribly frightened, and ran away and hid himself in the wood. Next time however he came near the King of Beasts he stopped at a safe distance and watched him pass by. The third time they came near one another the Fox went straight up to the Lion and passed the time of day with him, asking him how his family were, and when he should have the pleasure of seeing him again; then turning his tail, he parted from the Lion without much ceremony.

The moral is traditionally, "Familiarity breeds contempt"; though an alternative moral is "Acquaintance softens prejudices."
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hysteriastate of excessive, uncontrolled emotion
We need to get past the hysteria and decide what to do.more
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I was not drunk—but what is one to do—depression will drive a man to such a pitch of hysteria?†10 more
a state of excessive, uncontrollable emotion
Show general definition a state of excessive, uncontrollable emotion
Show editor's word notes In addition to being the adjective form of hysteria, the form hysterical can also indicate that something is exceedingly funny (leading to uncontrollable laughter)
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wretchedmiserable
The children were taken into protective custody due to their wretched living conditions.more
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My room is a wretched, horrid one in the outskirts of the town.†9 more
miserable or very bad
Show general definition very bad
in various senses, including:
  • unfortunate or miserable -- as in "wretched prisoners sleeping on the cold floor"
  • of poor quality -- as in "wretched roads"
  • morally bad -- as in "The wretched woman stole his wallet."
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sublimeimpressively wonderful
I love good movies, from the silly to the sublime.more
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...I love all that is "sublime and beautiful."16 more
admirably wonderful
Show general definition for sublime (as in: she is sublime) impressively wonderful -- often beautiful or morally admirable
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scoundrelsomeone without moral principles
He's a scoundrel. Don't trust him.more
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Thus it would follow, as the result of acute consciousness, that one is not to blame in being a scoundrel; as though that were any consolation to the scoundrel once he has come to realise that he actually is a scoundrel.†9 more
Show general definition someone without moral principles
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contemptiblevery bad (deserving no respect)
She is uninformed and her views are contemptible.more
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But when all that is explained and worked out on paper (which is perfectly possible, for it is contemptible and senseless to suppose that some laws of nature man will never understand), then certainly so-called desires will no longer exist.†6 more
deserving no respect (worthless or of bad quality)
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superfluousmore than is needed, desired, or required
Eliminate superfluous words.more
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I recalled, too, that during those two hours I had not said a single word to this creature, and had, in fact, considered it utterly superfluous; in fact, the silence had for some reason gratified me.†3 more
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subjugatesubjugatesubjugation:forced submission to another's dominance
The essay discusses that era's subjugation of women in a male-dominated world.more
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But I could not subjugate all of them; my friend was not at all like them either, he was, in fact, a rare exception.†4 more
force into submission
Show general definition to force into submission
in various senses, including:
  • when a people are defeated in battle and oppressed -- as in "The Romans subjugated most of Europe."
  • when something is treated as less important than something else -- as in "subjugate the desires of the individual to the desires of the state," or "subjugate instinct to reason"
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ignominiousbringing disgrace or shame
They retreated in ignominious defeat.more
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You may have sincerity, but you have no modesty; out of the pettiest vanity you expose your sincerity to publicity and ignominy.†3 more
ignominiousignominy:shame or disgrace
Show general definition deserving or bringing disgrace or shame -- typically in reference to behavior or character