Do You Speak American? — Vocabulary
Robert MacNeil and William Crane
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Exemplary sample Uses ACT/SAT
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dialectregional variety of a language
It's not uncommon to hear "y'all" when talking in the American south where the rural areas still have a distinct dialect.more
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Some regional dialects have long enjoyed prestige; others suffer from generations of prejudice.†134 more
dialectdialects:regional varieties of a language
Show general definition a regional variety of a language
Show editor's word notes A dialect can use a different accent, vocabulary, and grammar than other dialects of the same language.
45 top 2000
linguisticlanguage
She fears the country will split along linguistic lines.more
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He believes that coming to a language late can be an advantage, because one brings better credentials, linguistic, cultural, and emotional.†44 more
related to language
Show general definition related to language
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assimilateassimilateassimilation:fitting into a prevailing culture
There is a delicate balance between assimilation and loss of cultural identity.more
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Many authorities claimed that the nation could no longer assimilate immigrants in such numbers as in the past.†16 more
take in, transform, or fit in
Show general definition take in, transform, or fit in
The exact meaning of assimilate can depend upon its context. For example:
  • "assimilate to a new country" -- fitting into a prevailing culture
  • "assimilate the information" -- transform information within the mind into understanding
  • "assimilate the food" -- transform nutrients within the body for its use
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negativenegativenegatively:in a bad or harmful manner
Higher interest rates negatively affected home sales.more
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These negative attitudes find their focus in attacks on minority languages, which are all too obviously badges of ethnicity.6 more
bad or harmful
Show general definition for negative (as in: had a negative effect) bad or harmful
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negative#2indicated criticism or disagreement
The responses to my plan were negative.more
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Some distinctive expressions have been on the rise—for example, the use of weren't for the past tense in negative sentences regardless of subject person or number, such as "weren't me," or "She weren't home."6 more
saying "no"
Show general definition for negative (as in: negative feedback from customers) to express criticism or disagreement, or (especially when talking over a radio or in a military setting) to say "no"
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gendermale/female/trans
Gender roles were more defined when my grandmother was growing up.more
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Think, for example, of how you guys has now become a generic form of address: it is gender-, age-, and class-neutral, and decidedly informal.†11 more
male, female, or any of many trans categories
Show general definition for gender (as in: gender discrimination) male or female

or (especially regarding self-identification): the state of being male, female, or in any of many trans categories
Show editor's word notes While the word sex can almost always be substituted for this meaning of gender, gender is typically used in reference to cultural or social differences, while sex is typically used for biological differences.
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migratemove from one place to another
The birds migrate in the Winter.more
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In the 1720s, when they began migrating to America in large numbers, many landed in Philadelphia.†13 more
migratemigrating:moving from one place to another
Show general definition move from one place to another -- sometimes seasonally
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diversitythe condition of variety
Diversity has strengthened our Board of Directors.more
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Paradoxically, the truth seems to be that, where change occurs, it is often creating more diversity, not less.†10 more
Show general definition the condition of variety -- especially in reference to members of a population group who are of different races or cultures
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urbancity
The planners want to revitalize the downtown and limit urban sprawl.more
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Surfer Dude or Valley Girl, the urban black language of hip-hop artists, or any of a dozen other regional or ethnic dialects that together constitute American English—some of them barely intelligible to one another?†11 more
Show general definition relating to a city
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contextcontextout of context:in a misleading manner (because the quote left out additional words that changed the meaning of what was quoted)
She said she was quoted out of context and that anyone who read her full speech would know it.more
Show context notes When someone is quoted "out of context" it means that selected words were quoted that misrepresent the meaning of all their words.

For example, if you said "I admire their effort, but they are dead wrong if they think this will work," and someone implied that you supported their plan by quoting you as only saying, "I admire their effort," they would be quoting you out of context.
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In the right context, a split infinitive can look like the end of civilization as we know it.†6 more
the setting or situation in which something occurs
Show general definition the setting or situation in which something occurs
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innovateinnovateinnovative:introducing things that are new and different
Apple is considered one of the most innovative companies.more
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But if our language stopped changing it would mean that American society had ceased to be dynamic, innovative, pulsing with life—that the great river had frozen up.†6 more
innovateinnovative:new and different
Show general definition bring something new to an environment
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adaptadaptadapted:changed (to fit this situation)
Ideas contained in passages for this test, some of which are excerpted or adapted from published material, do not necessarily represent the opinions of the College Board.more
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To communicate all of this, American language adapts.†5 more
adaptadapts:changes to fit a different situation
Show general definition for adapt (as in: adapted to the new rules) changed to fit a different situation; or made suitable
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prejudiceunreasonable and unfair belief or feeling
The group works to eliminate racial prejudice.more
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Some regional dialects have long enjoyed prestige; others suffer from generations of prejudice.†9 more
bias that prevents objective consideration
Show general definition bias that prevents objective consideration -- especially an unreasonable belief that is unfair to members of a race, religion, or other group
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syntheticartificial (man-made rather than natural)
The couch is covered with synthetic leather.more
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They thought to solve it by substituting synthetic voices so clearly nonhuman that people would not succumb to gender stereotypes, but people still did.†8 more
artificial (man-made rather than natural); OR  not genuine
Show general definition artificial (man-made rather than natural); or not genuine
85
linguistsomeone who specializes in the study of language
She is a linguist specializing in Native American languages.more
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Linguists would challenge Prince Charles on two grounds: First, the concept of "words that shouldn't be" is alien to the freedom inherent in English.†84 more
linguistlinguists:language specialists
Show general definition a specialist in the study of language

or:

a person who is skilled in multiple languages
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jargonwords or expressions commonly used in a particular field but not elsewhere
The medical jargon used by the doctors was difficult for the patient to understand.more
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Take the common American expression come clean, to tell or confess everything, which originated in cant, or underworld jargon, and emerged as common slang in the 1920s.†5 more
specialized vocabulary
Show general definition words or expressions commonly used in a particular field but not understood by most people
7
idioman expression whose meaning cannot be inferred from the meanings of the words that make it up
Having just arrived from Egypt, I did not understand what she meant by the idiom, "Don't cut corners."more
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Away from that intellectual battleground, ordinary Americans can be either gloriously relaxed about their language or, to use the popular idiom, decidedly uptight.†6 more
a way of putting things that is characteristic of a specific group of people
Show general definition a way of putting things that is characteristic of a specific group of people
Show editor's word notes An idiom typically refers to an expression whose meaning cannot be inferred from the meanings of the words that make it up (as in "feeling under the weather"). It can also refer to a particular artistic style.
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ordinancelaw
The city passed an ordinance to increase the minimum wage to $15 per hour.more
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Wall faulted Bush, as governor of Texas, for not taking action, like cutting off state funds, after the El Cenizo ordinance.†4 more
a rule or law -- typically enacted by city government
Show general definition for ordinance (as in: passed the ordinance) a rule or law -- typically enacted by city government
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satirecriticism in a humorous way
The play is a sharp satire of celebrity culture, mocking our obsession with fame.more
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Recently La Cucaracha has emerged as the title and chief character, a human-size cockroach, of a satirical cartoon strip syndicated in more than sixty American newspapers.†3 more
satiresatirical:a way of making fun of people or ideas -- often through exaggeration
Show general definition for satire (as in: wrote a satire) a way of making fun of people or ideas -- often through exaggeration
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paradigmparadigmparadigms:conceptual models
They are analyzing the problem with incompatible paradigms.more
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Simon's own strong emotions about the state of American English came to national attention in 1980 with his book Paradigms Lost: Reflections on Literacy and Its Decline.†1 more
paradigmparadigms:a conceptual model
Show general definition a conceptual model