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republic
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John Adams, by McCullough
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The greatest minds agreed, Adams continued, that all good government was republican, and the "true idea" of a republic was "an empire of laws and not of men," a phrase not original with Adams but that he had borrowed from the writings of the seventeenth-century philosopher James Harrington.
Subsection 1.2.2
"People can't account for the hesitancy they observe," said James Warren, while his wife, Mercy Otis Warren, who was a playwright and a woman Adams particularly admired, lectured him on the ideal republican government she foresaw for the future union of the colonies.
Subsection 1.2.2
And beyond independence, as he consistently emphasized, was the ultimate need for a republican form of government built on a foundation of checks and balances.†
Subsection 1.3.2

republican form of government = a system of government in which a majority of citizens elect representatives to make laws
In short, stern and haughty republican that I am, I cannot help loving these people for their earnest desire and assiduity to please...The richness, the magnificence, and splendor is beyond all description.
Subsection 2.4.3
But thinking perhaps he had strayed from his own true republican self a bit more than was seemly—and than Abigail would wish—he assured her that all such "bagatelles" meant nothing to him.
Subsection 2.4.3
Adams's objections stemmed not so much from a Puritan background—as often said—but from the ideal of republican virtue, the classic Roman stoic emphasis on simplicity and the view that decadence inevitably followed luxury, age-old themes replete in the writings of his favorite Romans.
Subsection 2.4.3
Advised that his Amsterdam lodgings were too "obscure" for his new position, and that his effectiveness was being hurt by talk of this, Adams arranged for an American firm in Amsterdam to "hire" a suitable house—"the best house that is to be had at as cheap a rate as may be," he wrote—and to have it furnished "decent enough for any character in Europe to dine in with a republican citizen."
Subsection 2.5.2
A strong, even passionate appeal for cooperation, it began by affirming that the American people were "unalterably determined" to maintain their independence and that if ever there was a "natural alliance," it would be between the two republics of the Netherlands and the United States.†
Subsection 2.5.2

republics = governmental systems in which a majority of citizens elect representatives to make laws
Indeed, so close were the two republics in history, religion, and government, Adams declared, "that every Dutchman instructed on the subject must pronounce the American revolution just and necessary or pass a censure upon the greatest actions of his immortal ancestors."†
Subsection 2.5.2
He had labored steadily, revising laws, writing legislation to eliminate injustices and set the foundation for a "well-ordered" republican government.
Subsection 2.6.3
Drawing on history and literature, some fifty books altogether, he examined what he called the modern democratic republics (the little Italian commonwealth of San Marino, Biscay in the Basque region of Spain, the Swiss cantons), modern aristocratic republics (Venice, the Netherlands), and the modern monarchical and regal republics (England, Poland); as well as the ancient democratic, aristocratic, and monarchical republics including Carthage, Athens, Sparta, and Rome.†
Subsection 2.7.4

republics = governmental systems in which a majority of citizens elect representatives to make laws
Drawing on history and literature, some fifty books altogether, he examined what he called the modern democratic republics (the little Italian commonwealth of San Marino, Biscay in the Basque region of Spain, the Swiss cantons), modern aristocratic republics (Venice, the Netherlands), and the modern monarchical and regal republics (England, Poland); as well as the ancient democratic, aristocratic, and monarchical republics including Carthage, Athens, Sparta, and Rome.†
Subsection 2.7.4
Drawing on history and literature, some fifty books altogether, he examined what he called the modern democratic republics (the little Italian commonwealth of San Marino, Biscay in the Basque region of Spain, the Swiss cantons), modern aristocratic republics (Venice, the Netherlands), and the modern monarchical and regal republics (England, Poland); as well as the ancient democratic, aristocratic, and monarchical republics including Carthage, Athens, Sparta, and Rome.†
Subsection 2.7.4
Drawing on history and literature, some fifty books altogether, he examined what he called the modern democratic republics (the little Italian commonwealth of San Marino, Biscay in the Basque region of Spain, the Swiss cantons), modern aristocratic republics (Venice, the Netherlands), and the modern monarchical and regal republics (England, Poland); as well as the ancient democratic, aristocratic, and monarchical republics including Carthage, Athens, Sparta, and Rome.†
Subsection 2.7.4
Such republics of the past as Adams had written about in his Defence of the Constitutions were small in scale—so what hope was there for one so inconceivably large?†
Subsection 3.8.1
He was adamantly opposed to the notion espoused by some that in the ideal republican government public officials should serve without pay—an idea that had been supported by both Franklin and Washington, two of the wealthiest men in the nation.
Subsection 3.8.2
James Madison, in an address to the House, had expressed the conviction of most Americans when he said, "The more simple, the more republican we are in our manners, the more national dignity we shall acquire."
Subsection 3.8.2
To Rush he insisted he was as much a republican as ever.
Subsection 3.8.2
He asked only that the republican ideal be given a fair chance, which Adams was not only willing, but determined, to do.
Subsection 3.8.2
Calling on Benjamin Rush shortly afterward, Jefferson assured his old friend he was as faithful a republican as ever and "deplored" the change in John Adams.
Subsection 3.8.3
That political parties were an evil that could bring the ruination of republican government was doctrine he, with others, had long accepted and espoused.
Subsection 3.8.3
It appears certain at present that he [Adams] will never be President and that he will have a very formidable competitor in Mr. Jefferson, who, with more talents and knowledge than he, has infinitely more the principles and manners of a republican.
Subsection 3.8.3
Seeing themselves as representing the true spirit of republican ideals, Jefferson, Madison, Freneau, and others allied with them had begun calling themselves Republicans, thus implying that the Federalists were not, but rather monarchists, or monocrats, as Jefferson preferred to say.
Subsection 3.8.3
Aaron Burr, a New York Republican and Hamilton's nemesis, was in the running for Vice President and so Hamilton was happy now to laud Adams as "a real friend to genuine liberty, order and stable government."
Subsection 3.8.3
Adams's absence from the scene, Hamilton warned, was benefiting the candidacy of yet another, more serious rival for the vice presidency, the popular governor of New York, George Clinton, a long-time Anti-Federalist now in the Republican camp.
Subsection 3.8.3
I consider that sect as the same with the Republican patriots (of America)....
Subsection 3.8.3
Almost from the moment the election was decided—and the Republican campaign to unseat Adams had failed—the Republican press shifted its attacks almost entirely to the President, striking the sharpest blows Washington had yet known.
Subsection 3.8.4
Almost from the moment the election was decided—and the Republican campaign to unseat Adams had failed—the Republican press shifted its attacks almost entirely to the President, striking the sharpest blows Washington had yet known.
Subsection 3.8.4
It was the view expressed in a letter in the New York Journal signed "A Republican": Mankind is now enlightened.
Subsection 3.8.4
But in a matter of days the full text was published by the Philadelphia Aurora, which had replaced Freneau's National Gazette as the leading Republican newspaper.
Subsection 3.8.4
Adams was pilloried in the Republican press as a gross and shameless monarchist—"His Rotundity," whose majestic appearance was so much "sesquipedality of belly," as said Bache's Aurora.
Subsection 3.8.5
There can be no doubt that Adams would not be a puppet—that having an opinion and judgment of his own, he would act from his own impulses rather than the impulses of others—that possessing great integrity he would not sacrifice his country's interests at the shrine of party...In addition ....it is well known that Adams is an aristocrat only in theory, but that Washington is one in practice—that Adams has the simplicity of a republican but that Washington has the ostentation of an eastern bashaw— that Adams holds none of his fellow men in slavery, but Washington does...The difference is immense.
Subsection 3.8.5
"They shall have a republican President in earnest," he wrote.
Subsection 3.9.1
In answer to concerns about his political creed, he expressed total attachment to and veneration for the present system of a free republican government.
Subsection 3.9.1
In the pages of the Aurora, Benjamin Franklin Bache proclaimed John Adams a hero in a way inconceivable before, lauding the "Republican plainness" of Adams's appearance, his "true dignity," his "incorruptible integrity."
Subsection 3.9.1
His speech on the inauguration augers well to our country......He declares himself the friend of France and of peace, the admirer of republicanism, the enemy of party, and he vows his determination to let no political creed interfere in his appointments.†
Subsection 3.9.1
The Federalist press declared the United States had been grievously insulted by France; the Republican press affirmed American friendship with the French and, while expressing the hope that the President would remain true to his inaugural pledge to seek peace, reported that a "certain ex-Secretary" (Hamilton) was secretly preaching war to further his political ambitions.
Subsection 3.9.1
When Adams named John Quincy to be minister to Prussia, more Republican protest erupted.
Subsection 3.9.2
With Madison in retirement, and the vice presidency providing ample free time, Jefferson kept extremely busy as a "closet politician," in one man's expression, writing letters and lending support—ideas, information, and money—to the Republican press, including such "gladiators of the quill" as a dissolute Scottish pamphleteer and scandalmonger named James T. Callender, who wrote for the Aurora and specialized in attacks on John Adams.
Subsection 3.9.2
The Francis Hotel, where Jefferson continued to lodge, became headquarters for the Republican inner circle.
Subsection 3.9.2
It was then, while in prison, that Reynolds, in an effort to ease his case, got word to three Republican members of Congress, including Senator James Monroe, that Hamilton was not only an adulterer, but, as Secretary of the Treasury, secretly profiteering with government funds.
Subsection 3.9.3
A few more were let in on the secret, including the Republican clerk of the House, John Beckley, and Thomas Jefferson.
Subsection 3.9.3
In the midst of debate, when Federalist Roger Griswold of Connecticut insulted Republican Matthew Lyon of Vermont, Lyon crossed the chamber and spat in Griswold's face.
Subsection 3.9.3
To others it was sad testimony to how very far the republican ideal had descended.
Subsection 3.9.3
When he called for a day of fasting and prayer, he was roundly mocked in the Republican press, but on the day itself the churches were filled.
Subsection 3.9.3
Still, the real and obvious intent was to stifle the Republican press, and of those arrested and convicted under the law, nearly all were Republican editors.
Subsection 3.9.3
Still, the real and obvious intent was to stifle the Republican press, and of those arrested and convicted under the law, nearly all were Republican editors.
Subsection 3.9.3
As a Quaker and ardent Republican, Logan was not the sort of man Adams was known to favor.
Subsection 3.10.1
According to Logan, Adams leaped from his chair, saying that only if a Republican were sent would the French receive him.
Subsection 3.10.1
Jefferson had been absent for six months, during which he had raised no voice as head of the Republican party, but had kept extremely busy, writing letters and secretly drafting a set of resolutions to be introduced in the legislature of Kentucky.
Subsection 3.10.1

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Definitions:

(1) (republic as in: the country is a republic)
of a system of government in which a majority of citizens elect representatives to make laws; or someone in favor of such a form of government
(2) (meaning too common or too rare to warrant focus)
As a proper noun, the word form Republican is commonly used to describe one of the major U.S. political parties. It is and has been used by many other organizations such as The Irish Republican Army.

republic in John Adams, by McCullough (Auto-generated)

republic
in
John Adams, by McCullough
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