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Socrates
in
Sophie's World
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Socrates wisest is she who knows she does not know Sophie put on a summer dress and hurried down to the kitchen.†
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Socrates = ancient Greek philosopher who did much to influence Western thinking (470-399 BC)
Now we are going to meet the three great classical philosophers, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.†
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The natural philosophers are also called the pre-Socratics, because they lived before Socrates.†
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Although Democritus died some years after Socrates, all his ideas belong to pre-Socratic natural philosophy.†
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Socrates represents a new era, geographically as well as temporally.†
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Socrates fared no better!†
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From the time of Socrates, Athens was the center of Greek culture.†
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It is also important to note the change of character in the philosophical project itself as it progresses from natural philosophy to Socrates.†
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But before we meet Socrates, let us hear a little about the so-called Sophists, who dominated the Athenian scene at the time of Socrates.†
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But before we meet Socrates, let us hear a little about the so-called Sophists, who dominated the Athenian scene at the time of Socrates.†
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Socrates, on the other hand, tried to show that some such norms are in fact absolute and universally valid.†
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Who Was Socrates?†
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Socrates (470-399 B.C.) is possibly the most enigmatic figure in the entire history of philosophy.†
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The life of Socrates is mainly known to us through the writings of Plato, who was one of his pupils and who became one of the greatest philosophers of all time.
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Plato wrote a number of Dialogues, or dramatized discussions on philosophy, in which he uses Socrates as his principal character and mouthpiece.†
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Since Plato is putting his own philosophy in Socrates' mouth, we cannot be sure that the words he speaks in the dialogues were ever actually uttered by him.†
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So it is no easy matter to distinguish between the teachings of Socrates and the philosophy of Plato.†
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Similarly, what the "historical" Socrates actually said will always be shrouded in mystery.†
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But who Socrates "really" was is relatively unimportant.†
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It is Plato's portrait of Socrates that has inspired thinkers in the Western world for nearly 2,500 years.†
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The Art of Discourse The essential nature of Socrates' art lay in the fact that he did not appear to want to instruct people.†
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Socrates, whose mother was a midwife, used to say that his art was like the art of the midwife.†
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Similarly, Socrates saw his task as helping people to "give birth" to the correct insight, since real understanding must come from within.†
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By playing ignorant, Socrates forced the people he met to use their common sense.†
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Socrates could feign ignorance—or pretend to be dumber than he was.†
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If you met Socrates, you thus might end up being made a fool of publicly.†
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A Divine Voice It was not in order to torment his fellow beings that Socrates kept on stinging them.†
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Socrates protested, for example, against having any part in condemning people to death.†
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But had he done this he would not have been Socrates.†
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Why did Socrates have to die?†
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Both Jesus and Socrates were enigmatic personalities, also to their contemporaries.†
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The trials of Jesus and Socrates also exhibit clear parallels.†
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I do not mean to suggest that Jesus and Socrates were alike.†
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A Joker in Athens Socrates, Sophie!†
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Socrates lived at the same time as the Sophists.†
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As a Roman philosopher, Cicero, said of him a few hundred years later, Socrates "called philosophy down from the sky and established her in the towns and introduced her into homes and forced her to investigate life, ethics, good and evil."†
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But Socrates differed from the Sophists in one significant way.†
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No, Socrates called himself a philosopher in the true sense of the word.†
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Socrates was one of these rare people.†
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Socrates himself said, "One thing only I know, and that is that I know nothing."†
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Like Socrates, who dared tell people how little we humans know.†
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Socrates was this joker in Athens.†
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The oracle answered that Socrates of all mortals was the wisest.†
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When Socrates heard this he was astounded, to put it mildly.†
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But when it turned out that this person was unable to give Socrates satisfactory answers to his questions, Socrates realized that the oracle had been right.†
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But when it turned out that this person was unable to give Socrates satisfactory answers to his questions, Socrates realized that the oracle had been right.†
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Socrates felt that it was necessary to establish a solid foundation for our knowledge.†
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The Right Insight Leads to the Right Action As I have mentioned earlier, Socrates claimed that he was guided by a divine inner voice, and that this "conscience" told him what was right.†
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Socrates was concerned with finding clear and universally valid definitions of right and wrong.†
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Let me put it like this: Socrates thought that no one could possibly be happy if they acted against their better judgment.†
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Definitions:

(1) (Socrates)
ancient Athenian philosopher who did much to influence Western thinking; teacher of Plato and Xenophon (470-399 BC)

A memory trick to remember the relationships between Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, and Alexander the Great is to put them in reverse alphabetical order: Socrates taught Plato who taught Aristotle, who taught Alexander the Great.
(2) (meaning too rare to warrant focus)

Socrates in Sophie's World (Auto-generated)

Socrates
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Sophie's World
(Auto-generated)