Both Uses

heathen
in
O Pioneers!
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Don't they ever teach you in your history classes that you'd all be heathen Turks if it hadn't been for the Bohemians?†
Chpt 2.1 *

heathen = someone who is not civilized or not moral OR an offensive term for a person who does not believe in a preferred religion
The old people in the mountains plant lindens to purify the forest, and to do away with the spells that come from the old trees they say have lasted from heathen times.†
Chpt 2.8

Definitions:

(1) (heathen)
an often offensive (sometimes humorous) word for someone seen as uncivilized or immoral, especially because she does not share the speaker’s religion or comes from a culture unfamiliar with it

This word is usually judgmental or insulting, so today it is used mostly in joking contexts or when describing older attitudes.
(2) (meaning too rare to warrant focus)
More rarely, heathen can refer to a person who lacks culture or good taste.