The Great Fire — Vocabulary
Jim Murphy
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Exemplary sample Uses ACT/SAT
6 top 100
establishestablishestablished:created
Which word choice best maintains the tone established in the first paragraph?more
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If the fire established itself on the tall steeple, the wind would spread firebrands over an even larger area.p.43.96 more
establishestablished:set
Show general definition for establish (as in: establish a positive tone) create, start, or set in [a] place
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establish#2establishestablishing:showing or demonstrating
The passage is primarily about establishing the relationship between the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and global temperature.more
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Idle gossip had hardened into established fact.p.127.86 more
establishestablished:accepted as true
Show general definition for establish (as in: establish that there is a need) show or determine (cause to be recognized or figure out)
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debrispieces of something that has been destroyed; or trash that is lying around
She swept up the debris.more
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Bits of burning debris fell from the bridge and set boats below on fire.†p.72.712 more
Show general definition pieces of something that has been destroyed; or trash that is lying around
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inquiryinvestigation
The school launched an official inquiry into the allegations of cheating.more
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As for Goll, he claimed later at the official inquiry into the fire that he had waited for Lee to leave and then turned in the alarm.†p.27.17 more
questioning or investigating
Show general definition a question or investigation -- especially one meant to gather information or find out the truth
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perishbe destroyed or cease to exist
...government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.Abraham Lincoln  —  Gettysburg Addressmore
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Tens of thousands of people scrambled for their lives, became trapped and confused; most figured out how to escape, but scores of people perished in dead-end streets.†p.76.92 more
perishperished:died, was destroyed, or ceased to exist
Show general definition to die -- especially in an unnatural way

or:

to be destroyed or cease to exist
Show editor's word notes You may encounter an informal expression, "Perish the thought."  It means that the speaker hopes the thought will cease to exist and the thing it represents will never happen.
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factorthing (that influenced a result)
Cost was an important factor in our decision.more
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Other factors may have contributed to her survival.†p.82.41 more
factorfactors:things that affect a result or outcome
Show general definition for factor (as in: It was the deciding factor.) something that affects a result or outcome
Show editor's word notes You also may encounter x-factor or x factor--meaning "the most important thing that influences a result or outcome."
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subsequentfollowing
Her guess was proven right by subsequent developments.more
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Even the absence of an alarm being turned in at Goll's drugstore and the subsequent incorrect signals sent from the Courthouse were discussed.†p.129.41 more
following something else
Show general definition following something else
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ornatehaving lots of decorative detail
The hotel is decorated with ornate furniture, lots of carved designs, and gold leaf gilding.more
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The city boasted having 59,500 buildings, many of them — such as the Courthouse and the Tribune Building — large and ornately decorated.†p.18.51 more
ornateornately:with much decorative detail
Show general definition highly decorative or elaborate in style — whether in appearance (with lots of detail) or in language that sounds flowery and overly complicated
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estimateroughly calculate or guess
What do you estimate this will cost?more
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In all only 120 bodies would be recovered, though officials estimated that nearly 300 people perished in the flames.†p.112.31 more
estimateestimated:roughly calculated or guessed (based on incomplete information) a value, quantity, or extent of something
Show general definition rough calculation or judgment
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inhabitantinhabitantinhabitants:people (who live in a particular place)
What will traffic be like if the city has twice as many inhabitants?more
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Chamberlin's distaste for the area and its inhabitants was shared by a great many people living in the city's wealthier sections and would go a long way toward fixing the blame for the Great Fire.†p.31.83 more
Show general definition a person who lives in a particular place
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operaa classical music play in which most of the dialogue is sung
She is a popular opera singer.more
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Crosby's Opera House burns while pedestrians scamper to safety.†p.44.13 more
a musical play with orchestra in which most of the dialogue is sung (or the art form that consists of such musicals; or describing something as related to that art form)
Show general definition a form of musical theater with orchestra in which most of the words are sung, often in a classical style and sometimes in a foreign language
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congregationpeople who worship together in the same building
It's a casual congregation where many people wander into services late.more
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One witness reported seeing a group of well-dressed people from a German saloon singing one tune after another while, a few tombstones away, a small congregation of Methodists held a prayer meeting.†p.95.71 more
Show general definition for congregation (as in: the congregation voted) people who worship together in the same building
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urbancity
The planners want to revitalize the downtown and limit urban sprawl.more
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Knox was talking specifically about New York City, but his concluding thoughts on this process could be applied to all large urban centers.†p.138.72 more
Show general definition relating to a city
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listlesslacking energy and normal enthusiasm
She was listless and bored.more
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The heat and dry air had left twelve-year-old Claire Innes tired and listless all day.†p.34.91 more
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cumbersomedifficult to handle
Can you help me move this box? It's not heavy, but it is cumbersome.more
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While this system sounds very cumbersome to us, back in 1871 it was considered quite speedy and efficient.†p.29.41 more
difficult to handle or awkward
Show general definition difficult to handle or awkward
2
combustionburning
Increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is produced by combustion of fossil fuels, coal, and natural gas.more
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On the day the fire started, over 55 miles of pine-block streets and 600 miles of wooden sidewalks bound the 23,000 acres of the city in a highly combustible knot.†p.19.81 more
combustioncombustible:able to burn easily
Show general definition the act of burning

or metaphorically:

a state of violent disturbance and excitement
2
culpritperson responsible for a wrongdoing
We will find and punish the culprit.more
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They demanded a culprit — and Catherine O'Leary was the handiest target in sight.†p.124.61 more
Show general definition someone responsible for a wrongdoing -- especially a criminal; or something that caused a problem
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refuterefuterefuted:argued against
The speaker refuted his opponent's arguments.more
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Everybody seemed cool and collected ...and it is sufficient refutation of the absurd stories which have been circulating of outrages, lynchings, etc., to state the simple fact that my wife and her sister ...were a long time walking about the streets in the vicinity of the fire ...without ever a feeling of insecurity, or receiving an uncivil word from anyone.†p.134.2
refuterefutation:evidence or argument that something is false
Show general definition to disprove or argue against
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bolstersupport and strengthen
She visited the troops to bolster morale.more
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But the feeling of the general public — bolstered by the press's focus on the "poverty-stricken" Catherine O'Leary and the "drunken" firefighters wasn't sympathetic at all.†p.137.1
bolsterbolstered:supported or strengthened
Show general definition for bolster (as in: to bolster) support or strengthen
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lethargiclacking energy
I'm hoping a cold iced tea will help me get past this lethargic feeling.more
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If some firemen did act strangely (moved lethargically, were clumsy, or had a glazed look in their eyes) on the night of the Great Fire, the best explanation is that they were completely exhausted from overwork and a lack of sleep.†p.130.9
lethargiclethargically:without energy